Application and interpretation of current autophagy inhibitors and activators
- 25 March 2013
- journal article
- review article
- Published by Springer Science and Business Media LLC in Acta Pharmacologica Sinica
- Vol. 34 (5), 625-635
- https://doi.org/10.1038/aps.2013.5
Abstract
Autophagy is the major intracellular degradation system, by which cytoplasmic materials are delivered to and degraded in the lysosome. As a quality control mechanism for cytoplasmic proteins and organelles, autophagy plays important roles in a variety of human diseases, including neurodegenerative diseases, cancer, cardiovascular disease, diabetes and infectious and inflammatory diseases. The discovery of ATG genes and the dissection of the signaling pathways involved in regulating autophagy have greatly enriched our knowledge on the occurrence and development of this lysosomal degradation pathway. In addition to its role in degradation, autophagy may also promote a type of programmed cell death that is different from apoptosis, termed type II programmed cell death. Owing to the dual roles of autophagy in cell death and the specificity of diseases, the exact mechanisms of autophagy in various diseases require more investigation. The application of autophagy inhibitors and activators will help us understand the regulation of autophagy in human diseases, and provide insight into the use of autophagy-targeted drugs. In this review, we summarize the latest research on autophagy inhibitors and activators and discuss the possibility of their application in human disease therapy.Keywords
This publication has 117 references indexed in Scilit:
- DEPTOR, an mTOR Inhibitor, Is a Physiological Substrate of SCFβTrCP E3 Ubiquitin Ligase and Regulates Survival and AutophagyMolecular Cell, 2011
- Beclin1 Controls the Levels of p53 by Regulating the Deubiquitination Activity of USP10 and USP13Cell, 2011
- microRNA-101 is a potent inhibitor of autophagyThe EMBO Journal, 2011
- Distinct Autophagosomal-Lysosomal Fusion Mechanism Revealed by Thapsigargin-Induced Autophagy ArrestMolecular Cell, 2011
- p62 (SQSTM1) and cyclic AMP phosphodiesterase-4A4 (PDE4A4) locate to a novel, reversible protein aggregate with links to autophagy and proteasome degradation pathwaysCellular Signalling, 2010
- HDAC6 controls autophagosome maturation essential for ubiquitin-selective quality-control autophagyThe EMBO Journal, 2010
- Autophagy in the Pathogenesis of DiseaseCell, 2008
- Small molecules enhance autophagy and reduce toxicity in Huntington's disease modelsNature Chemical Biology, 2007
- Regulation of autophagy by the inositol trisphosphate receptorCell Death & Differentiation, 2007
- mTOR Interacts with Raptor to Form a Nutrient-Sensitive Complex that Signals to the Cell Growth MachineryCell, 2002