Use of Graphite as a Highly Reversible Electrode with Superior Cycle Life for Sodium‐Ion Batteries by Making Use of Co‐Intercalation Phenomena
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- 23 July 2014
- journal article
- research article
- Published by Wiley in Angewandte Chemie-International Edition
- Vol. 53 (38), 10169-10173
- https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.201403734
Abstract
Although being the standard anode material in lithium-ion batteries (LIBs), graphite so far is considered to fail application in sodium-ion batteries (NIBs) because the Na-C system lacks suitable binary intercalation compounds. Here we show that this limitation can be circumvented by using co-intercalation phenomena in a diglyme-based electrolyte. The resulting compound is a stage-I ternary intercalation compound with an estimated stoichiometry of Na(diglyme)2C20. Highlights of the electrode reaction are its high energy efficiency, the small irreversible loss during the first cycle, and a superior cycle life with capacities close to 100 mAh g−1 for 1000 cycles and coulomb efficiencies >99.87 %. A one-to-one comparison with the analogue lithium-based cell shows that the sodium-based system performs better and also withstands higher currents.Keywords
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