Early BCG-Denmark and Neonatal Mortality Among Infants Weighing < 2500 g: A Randomized Controlled Trial

Abstract

Background. BCG vaccine may reduce overall mortality by increasing resistance to nontuberculosis infections. In 2 randomized trials in Guinea-Bissau of early BCG-Denmark (Statens Serum Institut) given to low-weight (LW) neonates (<2500 g at inclusion) to reduce infant mortality rates, we observed a very beneficial effect in the neonatal period. We therefore conducted the present trial to test whether early BCG-Denmark reduces neonatal mortality by 45%. We also conducted a meta-analysis of the 3 BCG-Denmark trials. Methods. In 2008-2013, we randomized LW neonates to "early BCG-Denmark" (intervention group; n = 2083) or "control" (local policy for LW and no BCG-Denmark; n = 2089) at discharge from the maternity ward or at first contact with the health center. The infants were randomized (1: 1) without blinding in blocks of 24. Data was analyzed in Cox hazards models providing mortality rate ratios (MRRs). We had prespecified an analysis censoring follow-up at oral poliovirus vaccine campaigns. Results. Early administration of BCG-Denmark was associated with a nonsignificant reduction in neonatal mortality rate (MRR, 0.70; 95% confidence interval [ CI],.47-1.04) and a 34% reduction (0.66;.44-1.00) when censoring for oral poliovirus vaccine campaigns. There was no reduction in mortality rate for noninfectious diseases, but a 43% reduction in infectious disease mortality rate (MRR, 0.57; 95% CI,.35-.93). A meta-analysis of 3 BCG trials showed that early BCG-Denmark reduced mortality by 38% (MRR, 0.62; 95% CI,.46-.83) within the neonatal period and 16% (0.84;.71-1.00) by age 12 months. Conclusion. Early administration of BCG-Denmark in LW infants is associated with major reductions in mortality rate. It is important that all LW infants receive early BCG in areas with high neonatal mortality rates.