What has research over the past two decades revealed about the adverse health effects of recreational cannabis use?
Top Cited Papers
- 7 October 2014
- Vol. 110 (1), 19-35
- https://doi.org/10.1111/add.12703
Abstract
Aims To examine changes in the evidence on the adverse health effects of cannabis since 1993. Methods A comparison of the evidence in 1993 with the evidence and interpretation of the same health outcomes in 2013. Results Research in the past 20 years has shown that driving while cannabis‐impaired approximately doubles car crash risk and that around one in 10 regular cannabis users develop dependence. Regular cannabis use in adolescence approximately doubles the risks of early school‐leaving and of cognitive impairment and psychoses in adulthood. Regular cannabis use in adolescence is also associated strongly with the use of other illicit drugs. These associations persist after controlling for plausible confounding variables in longitudinal studies. This suggests that cannabis use is a contributory cause of these outcomes but some researchers still argue that these relationships are explained by shared causes or risk factors. Cannabis smoking probably increases cardiovascular disease risk in middle‐aged adults but its effects on respiratory function and respiratory cancer remain unclear, because most cannabis smokers have smoked or still smoke tobacco. Conclusions The epidemiological literature in the past 20 years shows that cannabis use increases the risk of accidents and can produce dependence, and that there are consistent associations between regular cannabis use and poor psychosocial outcomes and mental health in adulthood.Funding Information
- NHMRC Australia Fellowship (569738)
This publication has 137 references indexed in Scilit:
- State of the Art Treatments for Cannabis DependencePsychiatric Clinics of North America, 2012
- School achievement in 14-year-old youths prenatally exposed to marijuanaNeurotoxicology and Teratology, 2012
- Reversible and regionally selective downregulation of brain cannabinoid CB1 receptors in chronic daily cannabis smokersMolecular Psychiatry, 2011
- Cannabis involvement in individuals with bipolar disorderPsychiatry Research, 2011
- Marijuana use and testicular germ cell tumorsCancer, 2010
- Evaluating the drug use "gateway" theory using cross-national data: Consistency and associations of the order of initiation of drug use among participants in the WHO World Mental Health SurveysDrug and Alcohol Dependence, 2010
- Association of marijuana use and the incidence of testicular germ cell tumorsCancer, 2009
- Tobacco and cannabis co-occurrence: Does route of administration matter?Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 2009
- An exploratory prospective study of marijuana use and mortality following acute myocardial infarctionAmerican Heart Journal, 2008
- Effects of Marijuana Smoking on Pulmonary Function and Respiratory ComplicationsArchives of Internal Medicine, 2007