Root Growth and Oxygen Relations at Low Water Potentials. Impact of Oxygen Availability in Polyethylene Glycol Solutions1

Abstract

Polyethylene glycol (PEG), which is often used to impose low water potentials (ψw) in solution culture, decreases O2 movement by increasing solution viscosity. We investigated whether this property causes O2 deficiency that affects the elongation or metabolism of maize (Zea mays L.) primary roots. Seedlings grown in vigorously aerated PEG solutions at ambient solution O2partial pressure (pO2) had decreased steady-state root elongation rates, increased root-tip alanine concentrations, and decreased root-tip proline concentrations relative to seedlings grown in PEG solutions of above-ambientpO2 (alanine and proline accumulation are responses to hypoxia and low ψw, respectively). Measurements of root pO2 were made using an O2 microsensor to ensure that increased solutionpO2 did not increase rootpO2 above physiological levels. In oxygenated PEG solutions that gave maximal root elongation rates, rootpO2 was similar to or less than (depending on depth in the tissue) pO2 of roots growing in vermiculite at the same ψw. Even without PEG, high solution pO2 was necessary to raise rootpO2 to the levels found in vermiculite-grown roots. Vermiculite was used for comparison because it has large air spaces that allow free movement of O2 to the root surface. The results show that supplemental oxygenation is required to avoid hypoxia in PEG solutions. Also, the data suggest that the O2 demand of the root elongation zone may be greater at low relative to high ψw, compounding the effect of PEG on O2 supply. Under O2-sufficient conditions root elongation was substantially less sensitive to the low ψwimposed by PEG than that imposed by dry vermiculite.