Common genetic vulnerability for nicotine and alcohol dependence in men.
Open Access
- 1 July 1999
- journal article
- research article
- Published by American Medical Association (AMA) in Archives of General Psychiatry
- Vol. 56 (7), 655-661
- https://doi.org/10.1001/archpsyc.56.7.655
Abstract
THE RELATIONSHIP between smoking and alcoholism has long interested clinicians and researchers. Smoking is nearly universal in treatment-seeking alcoholic samples1 and has been reported to be as high as 85% in alcoholics identified in a general medical clinic.2 The average number of cigarettes consumed is also significantly higher among alcoholics compared with nonalcoholic smokers,1 with rates of heavy smoking (eg, >25 cigarettes per day) among adult alcoholics as high as 90%.3,4Keywords
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