Li- and Mn-rich layered oxide cathode materials for lithium-ion batteries: a review from fundamentals to research progress and applications

Abstract

Li- and Mn-rich layered oxides (LMRO) have drawn much attention for application as the cathode material for lithium-ion batteries due to its high-energy density over 1000 Wh kg-1. However, several issues and challenges need to be overcome before realizing the commercialization of the LMRO cathode materials, including the disputed crystal structure, ambiguous reaction mechanism, high initial irreversible capacity, poor cycle life, fast voltage fading, and poor rate capability. In this paper, we systematically retrospect the development history, elaborate the fundamentals and demonstrates the latest research advance of the LMRO cathode materials. Furthermore, the applications of the LMRO cathode materials and their related key technical issues in full-cell, as well as the perspectives for the future research are also discussed.