Modified (NHC)Pd(allyl)Cl (NHC = N-Heterocyclic Carbene) Complexes for Room-Temperature Suzuki−Miyaura and Buchwald−Hartwig Reactions

Abstract

A series of (NHC)Pd(R-allyl)Cl complexes [NHC: IPr = N,N‘-bis(2,6-diisopropylphenyl)imidazol-2-ylidene, SIPr = N,N‘-bis(2,6-diisopropylphenyl)-4,5-dihydroimidazol-2-ylidene; R = H, Me, gem-Me₂, Ph] have been synthesized and fully characterized. When compared to (NHC)Pd(allyl)Cl, substitution at the terminal position of the allyl scaffold favors a more facile activation step. This translates into higher catalytic activity in the Suzuki−Miyaura and Buchwald−Hartwig reactions, allowing for the coupling of unactivated aryl chlorides at room temperature in minutes. In the Suzuki−Miyaura reaction, aryl triflates, bromides, and chlorides react with boronic acids using very low catalyst loading. In the N-aryl amination reaction, a wide range of substrates has been coupled efficiently; primary-, secondary-, alkyl-, or aryl-amines react in high yields with unactivated, neutral, and activated aryl chlorides and bromides. In both reactions, extremely hindered substrates such as tri-ortho-substituted biaryls and tetra-ortho-substituted diarylamines can be produced without loss of activity. Finally, the present catalytic system has proven to be efficient with as low as 10 parts-per-million (ppm) of precatalyst in the Buchwald−Hartwig reaction and 50 ppm in the Suzuki−Miyaura reaction.