Physiological, Pharmacological, and Nutritional Regulation of Circulating Adiponectin Concentrations in Humans
- 1 June 2008
- journal article
- review article
- Published by Mary Ann Liebert Inc in Metabolic Syndrome and Related Disorders
- Vol. 6 (2), 87-102
- https://doi.org/10.1089/met.2007.0029
Abstract
Adiponectin is an adipocyte hormone that links visceral adiposity with insulin resistance and atherosclerosis. It is unique among adipocyte-derived hormones in that its circulating concentrations are inversely proportional to adiposity, and low adiponectin concentrations predict the development of type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease. Consequently, in the decade since its discovery, adiponectin has generated immense interest as a potential therapeutic target for the metabolic syndrome and diabetes. This review summarizes current research regarding the regulation of circulating adiponectin concentrations by physiological, pharmacological, and nutritional factors, with an emphasis on human studies. In humans, plasma adiponectin concentrations are influenced by age and gender, and are inversely proportional to visceral adiposity. In vitro studies suggest that adiponectin production may be determined primarily by adipocyte size and insulin sensitivity, with larger, insulin-resistant adipocytes producing less adiponectin. While adiponectin concentrations are unchanged after meal ingestion, they are increased by significant weight loss, such as after bariatric surgery. In addition, adiponectin production is inhibited by a number of hormones, including testosterone, prolactin, glucocorticoids and growth hormone, and by inflammation and oxidative stress in adipose tissue. Smoking decreases, while moderate alcohol consumption increases, circulating adiponectin concentrations. Dietary fatty acid composition in rodents influences adiponectin production via ligand-activated nuclear receptors (PPARs); however, current evidence in humans is equivocal. In addition to PPAR agonists (such as thiazolidinediones and fibrates), a number of pharmacological agents (angiotensin receptor type 1 blockers, ACE inhibitors, and cannabinoid receptor antagonists) used in treatment of the metabolic syndrome also increase adiponectin concentrations in humans.Keywords
This publication has 226 references indexed in Scilit:
- Obesity-associated improvements in metabolic profile through expansion of adipose tissueJCI Insight, 2007
- Endocrine Regulation of Energy Metabolism by the SkeletonCell, 2007
- Secretion of the Adipocyte-Specific Secretory Protein Adiponectin Critically Depends on Thiol-Mediated Protein RetentionMolecular and Cellular Biology, 2007
- 48-h Glucose infusion in humans: Effect on hormonal responses, hunger and food intakePhysiology & Behavior, 2007
- The oligomeric structure of high molecular weight adiponectinFEBS Letters, 2007
- Inflammation and metabolic disordersNature, 2006
- Circulating levels of MCP-1 and IL-8 are elevated in human obese subjects and associated with obesity-related parametersInternational Journal of Obesity, 2006
- Biovariability of plasma adiponectincclm, 2006
- Impaired Multimerization of Human Adiponectin Mutants Associated with DiabetesOnline Journal of Public Health Informatics, 2003
- Cloning of adiponectin receptors that mediate antidiabetic metabolic effectsNature, 2003