Altered axial skeletal development
- 21 December 2007
- journal article
- review article
- Published by Wiley in Birth Defects Research Part B: Developmental and Reproductive Toxicology
- Vol. 80 (6), 451-472
- https://doi.org/10.1002/bdrb.20134
Abstract
The axial skeleton is routinely examined in standard developmental toxicity bioassays and has proven to be sensitive to a wide variety of chemical agents. Dysmorphogenesis in the skull, vertebral column and ribs has been described in both human populations and in laboratory animals used to assess potential adverse developmental effects. This article emphasizes vertebrae and rib anomalies both spontaneous and agent induced. Topics discussed include the morphology of the more common effects; incidences in both human and experimental animal populations; the types of anomalies induced in the axial skeleton by methanol, boric acid, valproic acid and others; the postnatal persistence of common skeletal anomalies; and the genetic control of the development of the axial skeleton. Tables of the spontaneous incidence of axial anomalies in both humans and animals are provided. Birth Defects Res (Part B) 80:451–472, 2007. Published 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.Keywords
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