Temporal relationship between cigarette smoking and risk of Parkinson disease
- 6 March 2007
- journal article
- research article
- Published by Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health) in Neurology
- Vol. 68 (10), 764-768
- https://doi.org/10.1212/01.wnl.0000256374.50227.4b
Abstract
Objective: To characterize further the relationship between smoking history and Parkinson disease (PD) risk by considering temporal and qualitative features of smoking exposure, including duration, average intensity, and recentness, as well as the relative importance of smoking during different periods of life. Methods: We prospectively assessed incident PD from 1992 to 2001 among 79,977 women and 63,348 men participating in the Cancer Prevention Study II Nutrition Cohort, according to their cigarette smoking status and lifetime smoking histories. Results: During follow-up, 413 participants had definite or probable PD confirmed by their treating neurologists or medical record review. Compared with never smokers, former smokers had a relative risk (RR) of 0.78 (95% CI 0.64 to 0.95) and current smokers had an RR of 0.27 (95% CI 0.13 to 0.56). On average, participants with more years smoked, more cigarettes per day, older age at quitting smoking, and fewer years since quitting smoking had lower PD risk. The relative risks and trends did not vary significantly by sex. The cumulative incidence of PD was lowest among participants who quit smoking at later ages. A 30% to 60% decreased risk of PD was apparent for smoking as early as 15 to 24 years before symptom onset, but not for smoking 25 or more years before onset. Conclusions: The lower risk of Parkinson disease among current and former smokers varied with smoking duration, intensity, and recentness. The dependence of this association on the timing of smoking during life is consistent with a biologic effect.Keywords
This publication has 20 references indexed in Scilit:
- Pesticide exposure and risk for Parkinson's diseaseAnnals of Neurology, 2006
- The Role of Early Life Environmental Risk Factors in Parkinson Disease: What Is the Evidence?Environmental Health Perspectives, 2005
- Relationship between impulsive sensation seeking traits, smoking, alcohol and caffeine intake, and Parkinson's diseaseJournal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry, 2005
- Smokeless tobacco use and the risk of Parkinson's disease mortalityMovement Disorders, 2005
- Smoking, nicotine and Parkinson's diseaseTrends in Neurosciences, 2004
- The ever‐stimulating association of smoking and coffee and Parkinson's diseaseAnnals of Neurology, 2002
- The American Cancer Society Cancer Prevention Study II Nutrition CohortCancer, 2002
- Smoking and Parkinson's diseaseNeurology, 1997
- Evidence Against the Operation of Selective Mortality in Explaining the Association between Cigarette Smoking and Reduced Occurrence of Idiopathic Parkinson DiseaseAmerican Journal of Epidemiology, 1996
- Cigarette smoking and protection from Parkinson's diseaseNeurology, 1995