Synthesis of Surface-Functionalized WS2 Nanosheets and Performance as Li-Ion Battery Anodes

Abstract

Separation of bulk tungsten disulfide (or WS₂) into few-layer two-dimensional (2-D) crystals is of interest because of their high surface area for certain chemical processes and size-dependent optical and electronic characteristics. Herein, we demonstrate a process that involves the physical separation of weakly bonded WS₂ layers by use of a strong acid treatment (chlorosulfonic acid) at 2 mg/mL, followed by quenching in deionized (DI) water. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy of the superacid-treated WS₂ suggests the formation of W–O type bonds, signifying oxidation of tungsten and reduction of the sulfur phase. Thermogravimetric analysis showed a three-phase weight-loss pattern, suggesting acid functionalization of WS₂ surfaces. We also studied the electrochemical behavior of an acid-treated WS₂ anode in a lithium half-cell configuration that showed a three-step charge–discharge behavior, characteristic of a conversion reaction. The electrochemical capacity was 118 mAh/g after 50 cycles.