Structural basis for m3G-cap-mediated nuclear import of spliceosomal UsnRNPs by snurportin1

Abstract

In higher eukaryotes the biogenesis of spliceosomal UsnRNPs involves a nucleocytoplasmic shuttling cycle. After the m⁷G‐cap‐dependent export of the snRNAs U1, U2, U4 and U5 to the cytoplasm, each of these snRNAs associates with seven Sm proteins. Subsequently, the m⁷G‐cap is hypermethylated to the 2,2,7‐trimethylguanosine (m₃G)‐cap. The import adaptor snurportin1 recognises the m₃G‐cap and facilitates the nuclear import of the UsnRNPs by binding to importin‐β. Here we report the crystal structure of the m₃G‐cap‐binding domain of snurportin1 with bound m₃GpppG at 2.4 Å resolution, revealing a structural similarity to the mRNA‐guanyly‐transferase. Snurportin1 binds both the hypermethylated cap and the first nucleotide of the RNA in a stacked conformation. This binding mode differs significantly from that of the m⁷G‐cap‐binding proteins Cap‐binding protein 20 (CBP20), eukaryotic initiation factor 4E (eIF4E) and viral protein 39 (VP39). The specificity of the m₃G‐cap recognition by snurportin1 was evaluated by fluorescence spectroscopy, demonstrating the importance of a highly solvent exposed tryptophan for the discrimination of m⁷G‐capped RNAs. The critical role of this tryptophan and as well of a tryptophan continuing the RNA base stack was confirmed by nuclear import assays and cap‐binding activity tests using several snurportin1 mutants.