Synthesis and Characterization of PAMAM Dendrimer-Based Multifunctional Nanodevices for Targeting αvβ3 Integrins

Abstract

We have synthesized a stable and clinically relevant nanodevice (cRGD-BT-ND; ND for short) that exhibits superior binding to the biologic target α_vβ₃ integrins, when either compared to the same free cRGD peptide or to the biotinylated nanodevice without covalently attached peptides (BT-ND). Selective targeting of α_vβ₃ integrins was achieved by coupling cyclic cRGD peptides to the nanodevice (ND) surface, while biotin groups (BT) were used for amplified detection of bound cRGD-BT-ND by anti-biotin antibody or avidin linked to horseradish peroxidase after binding. The synthesis involved the following steps: the amino-terminated ethylenediamine core generation 5 poly(amidoamine) (PAMAM_E5.NH₂) dendrimer was first partially acetylated and then biotinylated, and residual primary amine termini were converted to succinamic acid groups (SAH), some of which finally were conjugated with cRGD peptide residues through the amino group of the lysine side chain. The starting material and all derivatives were extensively characterized by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE), size exclusion chromatography (SEC), potentiometric acid−base titration, MALDI-TOF, and NMR. Cytotoxicity of all dendrimer derivatives was examined in B16F10 melanoma cell cultures using the XTT colorimetric assay for cellular viability. Binding of nanodevices to the biological target was determined using plates coated with human α_vβ₃ integrin and α_vβ₃ receptor expressing human dermal microvascular endothelial cells (HDMECs). The PAMAM_E5.(NHAc)₇₂(NHBT)₈(NHSAH)₃₅(NHSA-cR GD)₄ nanodevice is nontoxic within physiologic concentration ranges and specifically binds to the α_vβ₃ integrins, apparently much stronger than the cyclic cRGD peptide itself.