Anatomy and developmental chronology of the rat inferior alveolar nerve

Abstract

This report describes the anatomy of the inferior alveolar neuroascular bundle in the adult rat and provides a quantitative analysis of the developing inferior alveolar nerve (IAN). Soon after its entrance in the mandibular canal, the IAN splits into a mental nerve (MN) and an inferior dental nerve (IDN), which course in separate bony compartments. The MN passes unbranched through the mandibular canal. The IDN sends branches to the incisor, the first molar, and the second molar. The third molar (M₃) is supplied by a separate IAN branch. The adult rat IAN contains 8,000–10,000 axons, 70% of which are myelinated. The MN accounts for 70% of all IAN axons, the IDN 26%, and 4% form the M₃ branch. The proportion of large myelinated axons is lower in the MN than in the IDN. Following chemical sympathectomy, the IAN axon number does not change in a statistically sigificant way. The total number of IAN axons, which is high prenatally and neonatally, has decreased to the adult level about 1 week after birth. De novo myelination commences at birth and is complete 3–4 weeks later. The size spectrum of the myelinated fibres is narrow and unimodal during the first postnatal weeks. By 1 month, the largest fibres reach diameters of ∼6 μm, and a bimodal pattern is emerging. From 3 months and on, the size range reaches up to 10–12 μm, and the distribution is bimodal. These data provide a basis for further studies on developmental tooth-nerve interactions.