Thiyl Radical-Mediated Cleavage of Allylic C−N Bonds: Scope, Limitations, and Theoretical Support to the Mechanism

Abstract

Thiols mediate the radical isomerization of allylic amines into enamines. The reaction results in the cleavage of the allylic C−N bond, after treatment with aqueous HCl. The mechanism involves the abstraction of an allylic hydrogen α to nitrogen by thiyl radical, followed by a return hydrogen transfer from the thiol to the carbon γ to nitrogen in the intermediate allylic radical. The scope and limitations of the reaction with respect to the nature of the thiol, to the structure of the allylic chain, and to the nature of the substituents at nitrogen were investigated. The experimental results were interpreted on the ground of DFT calculations of the C−Hα BDE in the starting allylic amines, and of the C−Hγ BDE in the resulting enamines. The efficiency of the initial hydrogen transfer is the first requirement for the reaction to proceed. A balance must be found between the S−H BDE and the two above-mentioned C−H BDEs. The incidence of stereoelectronic factors was analyzed through NBO calculations performed on the optimized geometries of the starting allylic amines. Additional calculations of the transition structures and subsequent tracing of the reaction profiles were performed for the abstraction of Hα from both the allyl and the prenyl derivatives by p-TolS^•. The latter allowed us to estimate the rate constant for the abstraction of hydrogen by thiyl radical from an N-prenylamine and an N-allylamine.