Height for Age Increased While Body Mass Index for Age Remained Stable between 1968 and 2007 among Guatemalan Children

Abstract

Promotion of optimal growth while preventing the emergence of obesity in childhood requires an understanding of the dynamics over time of linear growth and weight for height. To assess long-term secular trends in height-for-age and BMI for age in children n = 507, 606, 627, 704, 526, and 502 for survey years 1968, 1972, 1977, 1988, 1997, and 2005–7, respectively) to compute height-for-age Z-score (HAZ) and BMI-for-age Z-score (BMIZ) based on WHO growth standards. HAZ was −2.73 ± 1.12 (mean ± SD) in 1968 and −1.16 ± 1.16 in 2005–7 (P < 0.001). The prevalence of stunting (HAZ <−2.0) was 73.0% in 1968 and 23.1% in 2005–7 (P < 0.001). Among children 57–63 mo old, HAZ in 2005–7 was 1.20 (95% CI, 0.79, 1.62) SD units higher than in 1968, corresponding to 5.6 cm in boys and 5.7 cm in girls. For all survey years except 2007, BMIZ increased through age 36 mo, then declined; for the 2005–7 sample, BMIZ did not vary by age. The prevalence of BMIZ >1.00 was 21.1% in 1968 and 19.6% in 2005–7 (P > 0.05); for BMI <−1.00, the respective prevalences were 7.9% and 5.2% (P > 0.05). There have been long-term improvements in child growth, as measured by HAZ, without concurrent increases in BMI over successive generations of children.