Toxicity and antifeedant activity of crude seed extracts of Annona squamosa (Annonaceae) against lepidopteran pests and natural enemies

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Abstract
Toxicity and antifeedant activity of crude seed extracts of Annona squamosa (Magnoliales: Annonaceae) from Maluku, Indonesia, against the diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella L. (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae) and the cabbage looper, Trichoplusia ni (Hübner) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) were determined using different bioassays. Aqueous seed extracts and an aqueous emulsion of ethanolic seed extracts were toxic to both species. Crude aqueous extract also deterred feeding of fourth-instar P. xylostella in a leaf disc choice bioassay. Toxicities of crude aqueous extracts to natural enemies, Chrysoperla carnea (Stephens) (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae) and Orius insidiosus (Say) (Hemiptera: Anthocoridae) were investigated using direct spray and residual contact tests. Chrysoperla carnea larvae were less susceptible to the extracts than were O. insidiosus adults.