BACKGROUND. The increased educational indebtedness of graduating medical students has led to speculation about the effects of students' debt levels on their choices of practice specialties as evidenced by their residency preferences. METHOD. Information was analyzed for 1,658 medical students who graduated from six private medical schools in 1988, 1989, and 1990; 1,431 of these students had educational debts. Chi-square analysis was used to compare the 1,431 students' average levels of indebtedness with their selections of residencies leading to specialties with higher or lower potential incomes. For this analysis, the students were grouped into four clusters based on the potential incomes of their specialty preferences. In addition, various subgroups, i.e., men, women, need-based scholarship recipients, and underrepresented-minority students, were also studied. RESULTS. For all the students, there was no relationship among their average levels of indebtedness and their specialty preferences. Similar results were obtained for all the subgroups–men, women, underrepresented-minority students, and scholarship recipients. However, the women students tended to have higher levels of indebtedness than the men. CONCLUSION. The results do not support the hypothesis that debt level is a determining factor among the variables that influence choices of residency by graduating medical students.