Use of Biosensors as Alternatives to Current Regulatory Methods for Marine Biotoxins
Open Access
- 24 November 2009
- Vol. 9 (11), 9414-9443
- https://doi.org/10.3390/s91109414
Abstract
Marine toxins are currently monitored by means of a bioassay that requires the use of many mice, which poses a technical and ethical problem in many countries. With the exception of domoic acid, there is a legal requirement for the presence of other toxins (yessotoxin, saxitoxin and analogs, okadaic acid and analogs, pectenotoxins and azaspiracids) in seafood to be controlled by bioassay, but other toxins, such as palytoxin, cyclic imines, ciguatera and tetrodotoxin are potentially present in European food and there are no legal requirements or technical approaches available to identify their presence. The need for alternative methods to the bioassay is clearly important, and biosensors have become in recent years a feasible alternative to animal sacrifice. This review will discuss the advantages and disadvantages of using biosensors as alternatives to animal assays for marine toxins, with particular focus on surface plasmon resonance (SPR) technology.Keywords
This publication has 196 references indexed in Scilit:
- Monoclonal Antibodies with Orthogonal Azaspiracid EpitopesChemBioChem, 2009
- Cytoskeletal toxicity of pectenotoxins in hepatic cellsBritish Journal of Pharmacology, 2008
- Detection of Diarrheic Shellfish Poisoning and Azaspiracids Toxins in Moroccan Mussels: Comparison of LC-MS Method with the Commercial Immunoassay KitMarine Drugs, 2008
- The marine phycotoxin gymnodimine targets muscular and neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptor subtypes with high affinityJournal of Neurochemistry, 2008
- Visible Fluorescence Chemosensor for SaxitoxinThe Journal of Organic Chemistry, 2007
- Azaspiracid-1 Alters the E-cadherin Pool in Epithelial CellsToxicological Sciences, 2006
- Kinetic Analysis of the Interaction between Yessotoxin and Analogues and Immobilized Phosphodiesterases Using a Resonant Mirror Optical BiosensorChemical Research in Toxicology, 2005
- Effect of intraperitoneal infusion of deoxynivalenol on feed consumption and weight gain in the pigNatural Toxins, 1997
- Online High-Performance Liquid Chromatography-Electrospray Ionization Mass Spectrometry for the Determination of Brevetoxins in "Red Tide" AlgaeAnalytical Chemistry, 1995
- Pufferfish poisoning: Emergency diagnosis and management of mild human tetrodotoxicationAnnals of Emergency Medicine, 1986