The Influence of Exterior Dust and Soil Lead on Interior Dust Lead Levels in Housing That Had Undergone Lead-Based Paint Hazard Control
- 1 May 2004
- journal article
- research article
- Published by Taylor & Francis Ltd in Journal of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene
- Vol. 1 (5), 273-282
- https://doi.org/10.1080/15459620490439036
Abstract
To aid in understanding the contribution of exterior dust/soil lead to postintervention interior dust lead, a subset of housing from the HUD Lead-Based Paint Hazard Control Grant Program Evaluation was selected for study. Housing from 12 state and local governments was included. Exterior entry and street dust samples were obtained by a vacuum method, and soil samples were building perimeter core composites. Interior dust wipe lead data (μg/ft2) and paint lead data (mg/cm2) were also available for each of the dwelling units and included in the modeling. Results from 541 dwelling units revealed a wide range of exterior dust and soil lead levels, within and between grantees. Minimum and maximum geometric mean lead levels, by grantee, were 126 and 14,400 μg/ft2 for exterior entry dust; 325 and 4,610 μg/ft2 for street dust; and, for soil concentration, 383 and 2640 ppm. Geometric mean exterior entry dust lead concentration (1641 ppm) was almost four times as high as street dust lead concentration (431 ppm), suggesting that lead dust near housing was often a source of street dust lead. Geometric mean exterior entry dust lead loading was more than four times as high as window trough dust lead loading and more than an order of magnitude higher than interior entry dust lead loading. Statistical modeling revealed pathways from exterior entry dust lead loading to loadings on interior entryway floors, other interior floors, and windowsills. Paint lead was found to influence exterior entry dust lead. Results of this study show that housing where soil lead hazard control activities had been performed had lower postintervention exterior entry, interior entry floor, windowsills, and other floor dust loading levels. Soil was not present for almost half the buildings. Statistical analysis revealed that exterior strategy influenced soil lead concentration, and soil lead concentration influenced street dust lead loading. This study represents one of the few where an impact of soil treatments on dust lead levels within the housing has been documented and may represent the first where an impact on exterior entry dust lead has been found. The inclusion of measures to mitigate the role of exterior sources in lead hazard control programs needs consideration.Keywords
This publication has 13 references indexed in Scilit:
- Lead-Based Paint as a Major Source of Childhood Lead Poisoning: A Review of the EvidencePublished by ASTM International ,2009
- Evaluation of the HUD Lead Hazard Control Grant Program: Early Overall FindingsEnvironmental Research, 2001
- The Contribution of Lead-Contaminated House Dust and Residential Soil to Children's Blood Lead Levels: A Pooled Analysis of 12 Epidemiologic StudiesEnvironmental Research, 1998
- Residential lead-based-paint hazard remediation and soil lead abatement: their impact among children with mildly elevated blood lead levels.American Journal of Public Health, 1997
- A Side-by-Side Comparison of Dust Collection Methods for Sampling Lead-Contaminated House DustEnvironmental Research, 1995
- The Impact of Soil Lead Abatement on Urban Children′s Blood Lead Levels: Phase II Results from the Boston Lead-In-Soil Demonstration ProjectEnvironmental Research, 1994
- Lead-Contaminated Soil Abatement and Urban Children's Blood Lead LevelsJAMA, 1993
- Lead-contaminated soil abatement and urban children's blood lead levelsJAMA, 1993
- An Efficient Method of Estimating Seemingly Unrelated Regressions and Tests for Aggregation BiasJournal of the American Statistical Association, 1962
- An Efficient Method of Estimating Seemingly Unrelated Regressions and Tests for Aggregation BiasJournal of the American Statistical Association, 1962