Efficacy of Extracorporeal Life Support in the Setting of Adult Cardiorespiratory Failure

Abstract

The efficacy of extracorporeal life support (ECLS, ECMO) in the management of severe adult cardiorespiratory failure remains controversial. The purpose of this review is to evaluate the authors' institutional experience with ECLS in adult patients. Between 1988 and 1993, 65 moribund patients with respiratory (n = 51) and cardiac (n = 14) failure were supported with ECLS. Criteria for initiation of ECLS were: 90% chance of mortality despite maximal conventional respiratory management, good potential for recovery, and age younger than 60 years. Venovenous bypass was used in 40 and venoarterial in 25 patients. Respiratory management included low rate, low pressure ventilation with an inspired oxygen fraction < or = 0.5 and tracheostomy tube placement. Continuous systemic heparinization was used, maintaining whole blood activated clotting time (ACT) between 180 and 200 sec. Survival data are summarized as follows: pneumonia (n = 25) 56%, adult respiratory distress syndrome (n = 24) 58%, airway support (n = 2) 100%, and cardiac support (n = 14) 29%. The most common complication was bleeding (68%), which was managed in most patients by reduction of anticoagulation or local measures such as packing. Data from survivors and nonsurvivors of ECLS in patients with respiratory failure were compared in an attempt to define prognostic indicators of improved survival. The only prognostic indicator of survival that could be identified was the period of time on the ventilator before the initiation of ECLS (survivors = 3.0 +/- 2.4 days, nonsurvivors = 6.1 +/9- 4.0 days, P < 0.005). It is concluded that ECLS can be a life saving modality for the management of severe adult cardiorespiratory failure. Earlier institution of ECLS in the course of cardiopulmonary failure may improve outcome.