Formation of hydrogen peroxide and hydroxyl radicals from Aβ and α-synuclein as a possible mechanism of cell death in Alzheimer’s disease and Parkinson’s disease 1,2 1This article is part of a series of reviews on “Causes and Consequences of Oxidative Stress in Alzheimer’s Disease.” The full list of papers may be found on the homepage of the journal. 2Guest Editors: Mark A. Smith and George Perry

Abstract

The formation of extracellular or intracellular deposits of amyloid-like protein fibrils is a prominent pathological feature of many different neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and Parkinson’s disease (PD). In AD, the β-amyloid peptide (Aβ) accumulates mainly extracellularly at the center of senile plaques, whereas, in PD, the α-synuclein protein accumulates within neurons inside the Lewy bodies and Lewy neurites. We have shown recently that solutions of Aβ 1–40, Aβ 1–42, Aβ 25–35, α-synuclein and non-Aβ component (NAC; residues 61–95 of α-synuclein) all liberate hydroxyl radicals upon incubation in vitro followed by the addition of small amounts of Fe(II). These hydroxyl radicals were readily detected by means of electron spin resonance spectroscopy, employing 5,5-dimethyl-1-pyrroline N-oxide (DMPO) as a spin trapping agent. Hydroxyl radical formation was inhibited by the inclusion of catalase or metal-chelators during Aβ or α-synuclein incubation. Our results suggest that hydrogen peroxide accumulates during the incubation of Aβ or α-synuclein, by a metal-dependent mechanism, and that this is subsequently converted to hydroxyl radicals, on addition of Fe (II), by Fenton’s reaction. Consequently, one of the fundamental molecular mechanisms underlying the pathogenesis of cell death in AD and PD, and possibly other neurodegenerative or amyloid diseases, could be the direct production of hydrogen peroxide during formation of the abnormal protein aggregates.