Intra-ruminal particle size reduction in deer fed fresh perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne) or chicory (Cichorium intybus)

Abstract

Pure swards of chicory (Cichorium intybus) and perennial ryegrass {Lolium perenne)were grown at Palmerston North, New Zealand. They were cut daily and fed fresh at 2 kg dry matter (DM)/day to ten hand-reared rumen fistulated castrated red deer stags kept in metabolism crates in April and October 1994. The efficiency of particle breakdown during the time allowed for rumination () to below the critical size required to leave the rumen (passage through a 1 mm sieve) and jaw activities (i.e. eating and ruminating) were measured. Total eating time and the number of eating bouts were similar for deer fed each forage, but deer fed chicory had a greater chewing rate during eating (97·4 v. 81·0 chews/min), and a higher number of chews/g DM eaten (36·2 v. 31·5). Deer fed chicory had lower total ruminating time (30 v. 257 min/22·5 h), lower number of boli ruminated (38 v. 440/22·5 h), lower number of rumination bouts (5·4 v. 16·2/22·5 h) and less chews per minute ruminating (16·5 v. 44·3) than those fed perennial ryegrass. Of the ten deer used to measure (), only four ruminated when fed chicory compared with nine when fed perennial ryegrass.Deer fed chicory had a higher efficiency of particle breakdown (; 0-64 v. 0·42), higher fractional degradation of particles > 1 mm (9·2 v. 5·1 %/h) and faster fractional disappearance of total DM from the rumen (10·2 v. 5·3 %/h). All three measurements for chicory were similar in deer that did or did not ruminate, but with perennial ryegrass, all values were considerably reduced in the deer that did not ruminate.It was concluded that chicory can be broken down faster in the rumen, with less rumination being required than for perennial ryegrass, and that some deer (60%) could break down swallowed chicory to below the critical particle size without ruminating at all. The faster clearance of DM from the rumen explains the high voluntary feed intake (VFI) of deer grazing chicory. Future research needs to be done to partition rumen fractional disappearance rate into its components, rumen fractional degradation rate and rumen fractional outflow rate in deer fed chicory and perennial ryegrass.