Objective: Uterine leiomyomata (fibroids) are the most common pelvic tumors in women, accounting for approximately one third of hysterectomies in the United States. Although little is known about their etiology, cytogenetic and epidemiologic evidence suggests a strong heritable component to fibroid development. To clarify further the role of genes in the pathogenesis of fibroids, the Center for Uterine Fibroids is performing a genome-wide screen to identify susceptibility gene(s) for fibroids. This approach has been successful in identifying genes involved in breast and prostate cancers. Methods: Three hundred sister-pairs with documented fibroids and other affected family members are being recruited to submit epidemiologic surveys and blood samples. Genotype analysis will then be conducted and correlated with epidemiologic data. Participants are being recruited via our website (www.fibroids.net), through referring physicians, and from medical records searches. Results: To date, 132 families have consented to participate. Of these families, 75 are African American, 47 are Caucasian, 4 are Hispanic, 1 is Middle Eastern, 1 is Native American, 1 is Asian, 2 are of multiracial heritage, and 1 is of unknown racial origin. Conclusions: Compelling evidence supports an underlying genetic susceptibility for developing uterine leiomyomas. Ultimately, understanding the gene(s) involved in the pathogenesis of this common tumor may lead to innovative treatments. We invite other physicians, clinics, and interested parties to join in the recruitment process to facilitate enrollment of eligible participants.