Preclinical and clinical activity of sunitinib in patients with cisplatin-refractory or multiply relapsed germ cell tumors: a Canadian Urologic Oncology Group/German Testicular Cancer Study Group cooperative study

Abstract

Background: The objective of the study was to investigate the activity of sunitinib in a cell line model and subsequently in patients with cisplatin-refractory or multiply relapsed germ cell tumors (GCT). Methods: The effect of sunitinib on cell proliferation in cisplatin-sensitive and cisplatin-refractory GCT cell lines was evaluated after 48-h sunitinib exposure by MTT [3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide] assay, and IC₅₀ (concentration that causes 50% inhibition of growth) doses were determined. Sunitinib was subsequently administered at a dose of 50 mg/day for 4 weeks followed by a 2-week break to 33 patients using a Simon two-stage design. Results: Sunitinib demonstrated comparable dose-dependent growth inhibition in cisplatin-sensitive and cisplatin-resistant cell lines, with IC₅₀ between 3.0 and 3.8 μM. Patient characteristics were as follows: median of 2 (1–6) cisplatin-containing regimens; high-dose chemotherapy 67%; late relapse 33%; and cisplatin refractory or absolute cisplatin refractory 54%. Toxic effects included fatigue (39%), anorexia (21%), diarrhea (27%), mucositis (45%), nausea (33%), hand–foot syndrome (12%), dyspepsia (27%), and skin rash (18%). No unexpected side-effects were observed. Thirty -two of 33 patients were assessable for response. Three confirmed partial responses (PRs) and one unconfirmed PR were seen for a total response rate of 13%. Median progression-free survival (PFS) was 2 months, with a 6-month PFS rate of 11%. Conclusions: Sunitinib shows in vitro activity in cisplatin-resistant GCT cell lines. Modest clinical activity in heavily pretreated GCT patients was observed.