Gene Fusions in Thyroid Cancer

Abstract

Gene fusions are known in many cancers as driver or passenger mutations. They play an important role in both etiology and pathogenesis of cancer and are considered as potential diagnostic and prognostic markers and possible therapeutic targets. Spectrum and prevalence of gene fusions in thyroid cancer ranges from single cases up to 80% depending on specific type of cancer. During last three years massive parallel sequencing technologies revealed new fusions and allowed detailed characteristics of fusions in different types of thyroid cancer. This article reviews all known fusions and their prevalence in papillary, poorly differentiated and anaplastic carcinomas, follicular and medullary carcinomas. We describe the mechanisms of fusion formation. Besides, the mechanisms of oncogenic transformation, such as altered gene expression, forced oligomerization and subcellular localization are given. Prognostic value and perspectives of utilization gene fusions as therapeutic targets are discussed.