The basic proteins of cell nuclei

Abstract

1. The sensory nerve contacts in the muscle spindle of the frog were examined in the electron microscope. 2. The terminal branches of the sensory axon form long beaded chains, i.e. bulbous expansions up to 2 to 3 $\mu$ thick connected in series by thin cylinders of as little as 0.15 $\mu$ diameter. Many nerve bulbs are seated in cup-like depressions of the intrafusal muscle fibres forming close contact with them. There is a residual gap between nerve and muscle surfaces of about 150 $\overset{\circ}{\mathrm A}$, but the gap is bridged here and there by fine filaments or processes of one cell closely approaching or touching the other. 3. The region of sensory contacts along the intrafusal fibres extends over several hundred microns and is divided into two morphologically distinct types of zones: (a) two `compact' zones at either end, each about 300 $\mu$ long, in which the fibre retains approximately the same size and number of myofilaments as in the remote, extracapsular, region; (b) a `reticular' zone in the centre, about 100 $\mu$ long, in which the fibre loses some 85% of its content of filaments and splays out into several fins and branches held together by slender membrane connexions. The interstices between the splayed-out parts are filled with a dense network of fine connective tissue fibrils (about 50 $\overset{\circ}{\mathrm A}$ thick). A minority of the intrafusal fibres does not show this differentiation in the sensory region and retains most of its myofilaments throughout. 4. Several characteristic differences are described between motor and sensory nerve endings on intrafusal muscle fibres. Among them are (a) that the motor terminal forms an `epectolemmal', the sensory ending a `hypectolemmal' contact (referring to the external basement membrane of the cells as the `ectolemma'); (b) the motor ending remains invested by a covering Schwann cell layer, while the sensory endings are not closely associated with satellite cells; (c) the cytoplasm of motor endings is characterized by an accumulation of 500 $\overset{\circ}{\mathrm A}$ vesicles near the synaptic surface, that of sensory endings by an accumulation of small mitochondria. 5. A structure of unusual periodicity (a longitudinal `micro-ladder' with rungs about 1600 $\overset{\circ}{\mathrm A}$ apart) was observed in the interior of intrafusal muscle fibres, located generally in the neighbourhood of sensory nerve contacts. 6. The functional significance of some of the observed morphological features is discussed. It is suggested that mechanical stimulation and depolarization of the sensory nerve endings occurs at the points of adhesion between the intrafusal muscle fibre and the terminal nerve bulbs. The differentiation between `dynamic' and `static' components of the sensory stretch response may arise from different visco-elastic properties of the `compact' and `reticular' zones. Motor activation of the intrafusal muscle fibres would lead to intense stimulation of the sensory endings mainly within the `reticular' zone. This zone is protected against overstretching by a feltwork of connective tissue fibrils.