The association between low level exposures to ambient air pollution and term low birth weight: a retrospective cohort study

Abstract

Background: Studies in areas with relatively high levels of air pollution have found some positive associations between exposures to ambient levels of air pollution and several birth outcomes including low birth weight (LBW). The purpose of this study was to examine the association between LBW among term infants and ambient air pollution, by trimester of exposure, in a region of lower level exposures. Methods: The relationship between LBW and ambient levels of particulate matter up to 10 um in diameter (PM₁₀), sulfur dioxide (SO₂) and ground-level ozone (O₃) was evaluated using the Nova Scotia Atlee Perinatal Database and ambient air monitoring data from the Environment Canada National Air Pollution Surveillance Network and the Nova Scotia Department of Environment. The cohort consisted of live singleton births (≥37 weeks of gestation) between January1,1988 and December31,2000. Maternal exposures to air pollution were assigned to women living within 25 km of a monitoring station at the time of birth. Air pollution was evaluated as a continuous and categorical variable (using quartile exposures) for each trimester and relative risks were estimated from logistic regression, adjusted for confounding variables. Results: There were 74,284 women with a term, singleton birth during the study period and with exposure data. In the analyses unadjusted for year of birth, first trimester exposures in the highest quartile for SO₂ and PM₁₀suggested an increased risk of delivering a LBW infant (relative risk = 1.36, 95% confidence interval = 1.04 to 1.78 for SO₂ exposure and relative risk = 1.33, 95% confidence interval = 1.02 to 1.74 for PM₁₀). After adjustment for birth year, the relative risks were attenuated somewhat and not statistically significant. A dose-response relationship for SO₂ was noted with increasing levels of exposure. No statistically significant effects were noted for ozone. Conclusion: Our results suggest that exposure during the first trimester to relatively low levels of some air pollutants may be associated with a reduction in birth weight in term-born infants. These findings have implications for the development of effective risk management strategies to minimize the public health impacts for pregnant women.