This chapter begins with a general analysis of archaeological traditions in Europe, distinguishing between archaeological mainstreams and minorities. It then looks at the European Iron Age as a period of late prehistory and makes some observations about the nature of its archaeological research. This is followed by discussions of the archaeological traditions of the British and Spanish Iron Ages, focusing on three aspects: theoretical approaches, organization of the discipline, and archaeological practice; and approaches to Iron Age settlement and landscapes. It argues that settlement and landscape are traditional issues in European Iron Age archaeology, with different approaches in each archaeological tradition as well as language barriers to sharing results and knowledge. Iron Age studies must be contextualized in a more European context for creating common agendas in research and teaching and looking at the same questions from different backgrounds.