Effect of Ambient Winter Air Pollution on Respiratory Health of Children with Chronic Respiratory Symptoms

Abstract

The acute respiratory effects of ambient air pollution were studied in a panel of 73 children with chronic respiratory symptoms in the winter of 1990 to 1991. The participating children were selected from all children aged 6 to 12 yr in Wageningen and Bennekom, two small, nonindustrial towns in the east of the Netherlands. Peak flow was measured twice daily with MiniWright^® meters. A diary was used to register the occurrence of acute respiratory symptoms and medication use by the children. Exposure to air pollution was characterized by the ambient concentrations of sulfur dioxide (SO₂), nitrogen dioxide (NO₂), black smoke (BS), and particulate matter less than 10 µm (PM₁₀). Associations between air pollution concentrations and health outcomes were analyzed using time series analysis. During the study period an air pollution episode occurred, with moderately elevated concentrations of PM₁₀ and SO₂. There were 6 days with 24-h average PM₁₀ concentrations in excess of the WHO suggested lowest observed effect level of 110 µg/m³. After adjustment for ambient temperature, there were small but statistically significant negative associations of PM₁₀, BS, and SO₂ with both morning and evening PER There was a consistent positive association between PM₁₀, BS, and SO₂ with the prevalence of wheeze and bronchodilator use. Overall, the observed associations suggest a mild to moderate response to these moderately elevated levels of air pollution in a group of potentially sensitive children.