New Approaches for Bacteriotherapy: Prebiotics, New-Generation Probiotics, and Synbiotics
Open Access
- 28 April 2015
- journal article
- review article
- Published by Oxford University Press (OUP) in Clinical Infectious Diseases
- Vol. 60 (suppl_2), S108-S121
- https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/civ177
Abstract
The gut microbiota has a significant role in human health and disease. Dysbiosis of the intestinal ecosystem contributes to the development of certain illnesses that can be reversed by favorable alterations by probiotics. The published literature was reviewed to identify scientific data showing a relationship between imbalance of gut bacteria and development of diseases that can be improved by biologic products. The medical conditions vary from infectious and antibiotic-associated diarrhea to obesity to chronic neurologic disorders. A number of controlled clinical trials have been performed to show important biologic effects in a number of these conditions through administration of prebiotics, probiotics, and synbiotics. Controlled clinical trials have identified a limited number of prebiotics, probiotic strains, and synbiotics that favorably prevent or improve the symptoms of various disorders including inflammatory bowel disease, irritable bowel syndrome, infectious and antibiotic-associated diarrhea, diabetes, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, necrotizing enterocolitis in very low birth weight infants, and hepatic encephalopathy. Studies have shown that probiotics alter gut flora and lead to elaboration of flora metabolites that influence health through 1 of 3 general mechanisms: direct antimicrobial effects, enhancement of mucosal barrier integrity, and immune modulation. Restoring the balance of intestinal flora by introducing probiotics for disease prevention and treatment could be beneficial to human health. It is also clear that significant differences exist between different probiotic species. Metagenomics and metatranscriptomics together with bioinformatics have allowed us to study the cross-talk between the gut microbiota and the host, furthering insight into the next generation of biologic products.Keywords
This publication has 135 references indexed in Scilit:
- Cross-talk between Akkermansia muciniphila and intestinal epithelium controls diet-induced obesityProceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 2013
- Human nutrition, the gut microbiome and the immune systemNature, 2011
- Randomised clinical trial: Bifidobacterium bifidum MIMBb75 significantly alleviates irritable bowel syndrome and improves quality of life -- a double-blind, placebo-controlled studyAlimentary Pharmacology & Therapeutics, 2011
- Treatment of Relapsing Mild-to-Moderate Ulcerative Colitis With the Probiotic VSL#3 as Adjunctive to a Standard Pharmaceutical Treatment: A Double-Blind, Randomized, Placebo-Controlled StudyThe American Journal of Gastroenterology, 2010
- Molecular-phylogenetic characterization of microbial community imbalances in human inflammatory bowel diseasesProceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 2007
- Use of probiotic Lactobacillus preparation to prevent diarrhoea associated with antibiotics: randomised double blind placebo controlled trialBMJ, 2007
- Probiotics for maintenance of remission in Crohn's diseaseEmergencias, 2006
- A mixture of prebiotic oligosaccharides reduces the incidence of atopic dermatitis during the first six months of ageArchives of Disease in Childhood, 2006
- Molecular Monitoring of the Fecal Microbiota of Healthy Human Subjects during Administration of Lactulose and Saccharomyces boulardiiApplied and Environmental Microbiology, 2006
- The Host Genotype Affects the Bacterial Community in the Human Gastronintestinal TractMicrobial Ecology in Health & Disease, 2001