Acute pain management of patients with multiple fractured ribs

Abstract

Thoracic trauma leading to multiple fractured ribs (MFR) remains very common. Good analgesia may help to improve a patient's respiratory mechanics and to avoid intubation of the trachea for ventilatory support and therefore may dramatically alter the course of recovery. We herein review the analgesia options for patients with MFR. For healthy patients with one to two fractured ribs, systemic analgesics may suffice. For more than three to four fractured ribs, studies and experience have reaffirmed the superior analgesia made possible with thoracic epidural, thoracic paravertebral, and intercostal blocks. From experience, interpleural block has significant drawbacks. Catheterization allows the continuation of analgesia for 2 or more days with just one block. Use of the landmark technique is usually satisfactory for accurate block placement but ultrasound and nerve stimulation are showing promise in further improving needle and catheter placement accuracy, especially in the presence of difficult anatomy. Thoracic epidural, thoracic paravertebral, and intercostal blocks are the top choices for patients with MFR and they are of equivalent efficacy. Each has unique advantages and disadvantages. Our preference tends to be the thoracic paravertebral approach.