Microbial diversity and dynamics in multi‐ and single‐compartment anaerobic bioreactors processing sulfate‐rich waste streams

Abstract

Summary We investigated bacterial and archaeal community structures and population dynamics in two anaerobic bioreactors processing a carbohydrate- and sulfate- rich synthetic wastewater. A five-compartment anaerobic migrating blanket reactor (AMBR) was designed to promote biomass and substrate staging, which partially separates the processes of methano- genesis and sulfidogenesis in the middle and outer compartment(s) respectively. The second reactor was a conventional, single-compartment upflow anaero- bic sludge blanket (UASB) reactor. Both reactors, which were seeded with the same inoculum, per- formed well when the influent chemical oxygen demand (COD)/SO4 2- mass ratio was 24.4. The AMBR performed worse than the UASB reactor when the influent COD/SO4 2- mass ratio was decreased to 5.0 by raising the sulfate load. Terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism analyses of bacterial 16S rRNA genes showed that the increase in sulfate load had a greater impact on bacterial diversity and community structure for the five AMBR compart- ments than for the UASB reactor. Moreover, bacterial community profiles across AMBR compartments became more similar through time, indicating a con- verging, rather than a staged community. While similar populations were abundant in both reactors at the beginning of the experiment, fermenting bacteria (clostridia, streptococci), and sulfate-reducing bacte- ria became more abundant in the AMBR, after shifting to a higher sulfate load, while a novel Thermotogales- like population eventually became predominant in the UASB reactor. A similar shift in the community struc- ture of the hydrogenotrophic methanogens in the AMBR occurred: representatives of the Methanobac- teriaceae out-competed the Methanospirillaceae after increasing the sulfate load in the AMBR, while the archaeal community structure was maintained in the UASB.