Fragile X CGG Repeat Variation in Tamil Nadu, South India: A Comparison of Radioactive and Methylation-Specific Polymerase Chain Reaction in CGG Repeat Sizing

Abstract

Fragile X syndrome is the most frequent hereditary cause of mental retardation after Down syndrome. Expansion of CGG repeats in the 5′ UTR of the fragile X mental retardation gene 1 (FMR1) causes gene inactivation in most of the cases. The FMR1 gene is classified into normal 5–44; gray zone 45–54; premutation 55 to FMR1 alleles is important to understand their variation, predisposition, and for genetic counseling. Meta-analysis reveals prevalence of premutation carriers as 1 in 259. No such reports are available in India. About 705 women from Tamil Nadu, South India, were screened for the FMR1 allelic variation by using radioactive polymerase chain reaction–polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE) analysis. The women who were homozygous by radioactive polymerase chain reaction (rPCR) were reanalyzed by methylation-specific polymerase chain reaction (Ms-PCR) and GeneScan analysis. The techniques were validated and compared to arrive at a correction factor. Among 122 genotypes, 35 repeat variants ranging in size from 16 to 57 were observed. The most common repeat is 30 followed by 29. One in 353 women carried the premutation. No full mutations were observed. Screening populations with low frequency of premutations may not be applicable. Ms-PCR is more suitable for routine screening and clinical testing compared with rPCR-PAGE analysis.