Sperm investment in relation to weapon size in a male trimorphic insect?

Abstract

In the harem polygynous Wellington tree weta (Hemideina crassidens), early maturation at the eighth instar by males is associated with smaller mandibular weaponry. Because these males, compared with larger males (i.e., matured at 10th instar), are less successful at holding harems, they appear to have decreased mating success. Therefore, smaller males may acquire mates using tactics different than those of males with larger weaponry. A source of empirical support for this hypothesis is to show that smaller males offset their mating disadvantage by investing more in spermatogenesis to achieve fertilization success. Contrary to expectation, relative investment in testes (controlling for body size) is similar for smaller and larger males. I suggest that this lack of difference in testes size may be due to both morphs experiencing similar risks of sperm competition on Maud Island. Despite having testes similar in size to larger males, smaller males produce significantly larger ejaculates than males with bigger weaponry. This difference in ejaculate size may stem from larger males investing submaximally in current ejaculates in anticipation of their higher future mating success.