Primary pulmonary botryomycosis is an uncommon suppurative bacterial infection of the lung. Cytologic findings by conventional methods and thin-layer preparations in1 case are presented. A 45-year-old man had primary pulmonary botryomycosis diagnosed by fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC). Aspiration smears were characterized by densely packed microorganisms surrounded by polymorphonuclear leukocytes. Microbiologic analysis of cytologic material revealed colonies of Streptococcus constellatus. FNAC diagnosis of pulmonary botryomycosis offers the opportunity to distinguish this bacterial infection from lung cancer and avoid unnecessary surgery.