How to toilet train healthy children? A review of the literature
- 3 March 2008
- journal article
- review article
- Published by Wiley in Neurourology and Urodynamics
- Vol. 27 (3), 162-166
- https://doi.org/10.1002/nau.20490
Abstract
Aims To review the literature on toilet training (TT) in healthy children. Methods Through an extended literature search, all data on developmental signs of readiness for TT, TT methods, definitions of being toilet trained, TT problems, and predictive factors for success were reviewed. Results Specific studies on this topic are few. Two main methods for TT have been described so far in the last decades: the gradual child‐oriented training and the structured, endpoint‐oriented training. In the former method parents mainly respond to the child's signals of toileting “readiness”. The latter method consists of actively teaching several independent toileting behaviors. Data are too few to be able to compare the methods. Literature does not give a consensus about the optimal age for starting nor on the expected mean age of completing TT. Recent studies show most children to start training between 24 and 36 months of age with a current trend toward a later completion than in previous generations. The consequence of this can be stress for the parents and more use of diapers, with its negative effect on the environment. Conclusion There are as yet little data to be found on this important topic, only few studies have been published in peer‐reviewed journals. Standardization of terminology and critical evaluation of the described techniques in large sample sizes is needed. With this approach, general principles of training, evidence based and easy to use in the majority of children, may become available to parents. Neurourol. Urodynam. 27:162–166, 2008.This publication has 38 references indexed in Scilit:
- Beliefs about the appropriate age for initiating toilet training: Are there racial and socioeconomic differences?The Journal of Pediatrics, 2006
- Why is toilet training occurring at older ages? A study of factors associated with later trainingThe Journal of Pediatrics, 2004
- Toilet Training and Toileting Refusal for Stool Only: A Prospective StudyPEDIATRICS, 1997
- DOES A PROFOUND CHANGE IN TOILET‐TRAINING AFFECT DEVELOPMENT OF BOWEL AND BLADDER CONTROL?Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology, 1996
- Behavioral Toilet Training in Early ChildhoodJournal of Developmental & Behavioral Pediatrics, 1994
- Epidemiologic Aspects of Toilet TrainingClinical Pediatrics, 1990
- Acute Infectious Diarrhea Among Children in Day Care: Epidemiology and ControlClinical Infectious Diseases, 1986
- Hepatitis in Day Care Centers: Epidemiology and PreventionClinical Infectious Diseases, 1986
- Secular Trends and Individual Differences in Toilet-Training ProgressJournal of Pediatric Psychology, 1984
- Longitudinal Study of Bowel and Bladder Control by Day and at Night in the First Six Years of Life. II: The Role of Potty Training and the Child's InitiativeDevelopmental Medicine and Child Neurology, 1977