Measurement of natural radioactivity and dose rate assessment of terrestrial gamma radiation in the soil of southern Punjab, Pakistan

Abstract

Activity concentrations of ²²⁶Ra, ²³²Th, ⁴⁰K and ¹³⁷Cs in soil samples collected from the most populous area of southern Punjab of Pakistan have been measured by gamma-ray spectrometry. The measured activity concentrations for these radionuclides are compared with the reported data from different other countries and it is found that measured activity concentrations are comparable with the worldwide measured average values reported by the UNSCEAR. Subsequently assessed radiological effects show that the mean radium equivalent activity (Ra_eq) is 96.7 ± 15.2 Bq kg⁻¹ and air absorbed dose rate (D) is 46.1 ± 7.3 nGy h⁻¹. The values of internal and external radiation hazard indices are found to be less than unity. The annual effective radiation dose is calculated to be 0.28 ± 0.05 mSv, which is well below the limit of 1.0 mSv y⁻¹ recommended by the International Commission on Radiological Protection, for the general public.