Effectors of biotrophic fungi and oomycetes: pathogenicity factors and triggers of host resistance
Open Access
- 10 August 2009
- journal article
- review article
- Published by Wiley in New Phytologist
- Vol. 183 (4), 993-1000
- https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8137.2009.02922.x
Abstract
Many biotrophic fungal and oomycete pathogens share a common infection process involving the formation of haustoria, which penetrate host cell walls and form a close association with plant membranes. Recent studies have identified a class of pathogenicity effector proteins from these pathogens that is transferred into host cells from haustoria during infection. This insight stemmed from the identification of avirulence (Avr) proteins from these pathogens that are recognized by intracellular host resistance (R) proteins. Oomycete effectors contain a conserved translocation motif that directs their uptake into host cells independently of the pathogen, and is shared with the human malaria pathogen. Genome sequence information indicates that oomycetes may express several hundred such host-translocated effectors. Elucidating the transport mechanism of fungal and oomycete effectors and their roles in disease offers new opportunities to understand how these pathogens are able to manipulate host cells to establish a parasitic relationship and to develop new disease-control measures.Keywords
This publication has 59 references indexed in Scilit:
- N-terminal processing of proteins exported by malaria parasitesMolecular and Biochemical Parasitology, 2008
- Exported Proteins Required for Virulence and Rigidity of Plasmodium falciparum-Infected Human ErythrocytesCell, 2008
- RXLR effector reservoir in two Phytophthora species is dominated by a single rapidly evolving superfamily with more than 700 membersProceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 2008
- The plant immune systemNature, 2006
- Insights from the genome of the biotrophic fungal plant pathogen Ustilago maydisNature, 2006
- Direct protein interaction underlies gene-for-gene specificity and coevolution of the flax resistance genes and flax rust avirulence genesProceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 2006
- An ancestral oomycete locus contains late blight avirulence gene Avr3a , encoding a protein that is recognized in the host cytoplasmProceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 2005
- Exosomes: endosomal-derived vesicles shipping extracellular messagesCurrent Opinion in Cell Biology, 2004
- Rust haustoria: nutrient uptake and beyondNew Phytologist, 2003
- Signalling between Pathogenic Rust Fungi and Resistant or Susceptible Host PlantsAnnals of Botany, 1997