Detection and Structural Characterization of Glutathione-Trapped Reactive Metabolites Using Liquid Chromatography−High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry and Mass Defect Filtering

Abstract

The present study was designed to apply the mass defect filter (MDF) approach to the screening and identification of reactive metabolites using high-resolution mass spectrometry. Glutathione (GSH)-trapped reactive metabolites of acetaminophen, diclofenac, carbamazepine, clozapine, p-cresol, 4-ethylphenol, and 3-methylindole in human liver microsomes (HLM) were analyzed by HPLC coupled with Orbitrap or Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry. Through the selective removal of all ions that fall outside of the GSH adduct MDF template windows, the processed full scan MS chromatograms displayed GSH adducts as major components with no or a few interference peaks. The accurate mass LC−MS data sets were also utilized for the elimination of false positive peaks, detection of stable oxidative metabolites with other MDF templates, and determination of metabolite molecular formulas. Compared to the neutral loss scan by a triple quadrupole instrument, the MDF approach was more sensitive and selective in screening for GSH-trapped reactive metabolites in HLM and rat bile and far more effective in detecting GSH adducts that do not afford the neutral loss of 129 Da as a significant fragmentation pathway. The GSH adduct screening capability of the MDF approach, together with the utility of accurate mass MS/MS information in structural elucidation, makes high-resolution LC−MS a useful tool for analyzing reactive metabolites.