The management of large endometriomas was described in a series of 814 patients. Combined therapy using gonado-trophin-releasing hormone agonist (GnRHa) and carbon dioxide laser laparoscopy was proposed. Drainage and GnRHa for 12 weeks provoked a reduction of the endo-metrioma size up to 50% of the initial value. After vaporization of the internal wall, a cumulative pregnancy of 51% after 1 year was achieved. A recurrence rate of 8% was observed for a follow-up of 2–11 years. Histologica] data demonstrated that the epithelium covering the ovary which is the mesothelium can invaginate in the ovarian cortex. Some of the invaginations were seen to be continuous with endometrial tissue, strongly suggesting the metaplasia theory in the pathogenesis of ovarian endometrioma.