Silver Nanoparticle Induced Blood-Brain Barrier Inflammation and Increased Permeability in Primary Rat Brain Microvessel Endothelial Cells
Open Access
- 16 August 2010
- journal article
- research article
- Published by Oxford University Press (OUP) in Toxicological Sciences
- Vol. 118 (1), 160-170
- https://doi.org/10.1093/toxsci/kfq244
Abstract
The current report examines the interactions of silver nanoparticles (Ag-NPs) with the cerebral microvasculature to identify the involvement of proinflammatory mediators that can increase blood-brain barrier (BBB) permeability. Primary rat brain microvessel endothelial cells (rBMEC) were isolated from adult Sprague-Dawley rats for an in vitro BBB model. The Ag-NPs were characterized by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), dynamic light scattering, and laser Doppler velocimetry. The cellular accumulation, cytotoxicity (6.25–50 μg/cm3) and potential proinflammatory mediators (interleukin [IL]-1β, IL-2, tumor necrosis factor [TNF] α, and prostaglandin E2 [PGE2]) of Ag-NPs (25, 40, or 80 nm) were determined spectrophotometrically, cell proliferation assay (2,3-bis[2-methoxy-4-nitro-5-sulfophenyl]-2H-tetrazolium-5-carboxanilide) and ELISA. The results show Ag-NPs–induced cytotoxic responses at lower concentrations for 25 and 40 nm when compared with 80-nm Ag-NPs. The proinflammatory responses in this study demonstrate both Ag-NPs size and time-dependent profiles, with IL-1B preceding both TNF and PGE2 for 25 nm. However, larger Ag-NPs (40 and 80 nm) induced significant TNF responses at 4 and 8 h, with no observable PGE2 response. The increased fluorescein transport observed in this study clearly indicates size-dependent increases in BBB permeability correlated with the severity of immunotoxicity. Together, these data clearly demonstrate that larger Ag-NPs (80 nm) had significantly less effect on rBMEC, whereas the smaller particles induced significant effects on all the end points at lower concentrations and/or shorter times. Further, this study suggests that Ag-NPs may interact with the cerebral microvasculature producing a proinflammatory cascade, if left unchecked; these events may further induce brain inflammation and neurotoxicity.Keywords
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