Coating Fe3O4 Magnetic Nanoparticles with Humic Acid for High Efficient Removal of Heavy Metals in Water

Abstract

Humic acid (HA) coated Fe₃O₄ nanoparticles (Fe₃O₄/HA) were developed for the removal of toxic Hg(II), Pb(II), Cd(II), and Cu(II) from water. Fe₃O₄/HA were prepared by a coprecipitation procedure with cheap and environmentally friendly iron salts and HA. TOC and XPS analysis showed the as-prepared Fe₃O₄/HA contains ∼11% (w/w) of HA which are fractions abundant in O and N-based functional groups. TEM images and laser particle size analysis revealed the Fe₃O₄/HA (with ∼10 nm Fe₃O₄ cores) aggregated in aqueous suspensions to form aggregates with an average hydrodynamic size of ∼140 nm. With a saturation magnetization of 79.6 emu/g, the Fe₃O₄/HA can be simply recovered from water with magnetic separations at low magnetic field gradients within a few minutes. Sorption of the heavy metals to Fe₃O₄/HA reached equilibrium in less than 15 min, and agreed well to the Langmuir adsorption model with maximum adsorption capacities from 46.3 to 97.7 mg/g. The Fe₃O₄/HA was stable in tap water, natural waters, and acidic/basic solutions ranging from 0.1 M HCl to 2 M NaOH with low leaching of Fe (≤3.7%) and HA (≤5.3%). The Fe₃O₄/HA was able to remove over 99% of Hg(II) and Pb(II) and over 95% of Cu(II) and Cd(II) in natural and tap water at optimized pH. Leaching back of the Fe₃O₄/HA sorbed heavy metals in water was found to be negligible.