Well Clear

Abstract

This research explored how pilots perceived the concept of the Well Clear Boundary (WCB), observing if that boundary changed depending on aircraft type: manned versus unmanned aircraft systems (UAS). Pilots’ WCB perceptions were collected through simulator recordings and subjectively through questionnaires. Significant differences were found in WCB perception between two pilot types (General Aviation [GA], and Airline Transport Pilots [ATPs]), and significant WCB differences were evident when comparing two intruding aircraft types (manned versus unmanned aircraft). Significant differences were dependent on other manipulated variables (intruder approach angle, ownship speed, and background traffic levels). Subjectively, there were differences in WCB perception across pilot types; GA pilots trusted UAS aircraft higher than the more experienced ATPs. Overall, analyses indicated that pilots’ mental models for WCB varied depending on position from ownship. Aircraft in front on ownship were perceived as time - based boundaries while aircraft to the rear of ownship were perceived distance based.