The c-Abl tyrosine kinase controls protein kinase Cδ-induced Fli-1 phosphorylation in human dermal fibroblasts

Abstract

Objective We have previously demonstrated that in response to transforming growth factor β (TGFβ), Fli‐1 activity is repressed through a series of sequential posttranslational modifications, consisting of protein kinase Cδ (PKCδ)–induced Thr³¹² phosphorylation, acetylation by p300/CREB binding protein–associated factor, and detachment from the collagen promoter. The purpose of this study was to further investigate the upstream events that lead to Fli‐1 phosphorylation in response to TGFβ. Methods Dermal fibroblasts were isolated from systemic sclerosis (SSc) patients and healthy control subjects matched for age, sex, and ethnicity. Western blotting was used to analyze protein levels and real‐time quantitative reverse transcription–polymerase chain reaction analysis was used to measure messenger RNA expression. Cells were transduced with constitutively active PKCδ adenovirus or were transiently transfected with a Bcr‐Abl–overexpressing plasmid. Subcellular localization of PKCδ was examined by immunocytochemistry. Results Western blot analysis of cell lysates demonstrated that the levels of phospho–Fli‐1 (Thr³¹²) were up‐regulated in SSc fibroblasts, correlating with increased levels of type I collagen and c‐Abl protein. Experiments using a constitutively activated form of c‐Abl, small interfering RNA against c‐Abl and the specific tyrosine kinase inhibitor imatinib, demonstrated the requirement of c‐Abl for the TGFβ‐induced phosphorylation of Fli‐1. Additionally, we showed that c‐Abl kinase activity was required for nuclear localization of PKCδ. Conclusion Our results demonstrate that in SSc fibroblasts, c‐Abl is an upstream regulator of the profibrotic PKCδ/phospho–Fli‐1 pathway, via induction of PKCδ nuclear localization. Additionally, the finding that Fli‐1 is phosphorylated at higher levels in SSc fibroblasts supports the notion that the c‐Abl/PKCδ/phospho–Fli‐1 pathway is constitutively activated in these cells. Thus, blocking the TGFβ/c‐Abl/PKCδ/phospho–Fli‐1 pathway could be an attractive alternative approach to therapy for scleroderma.