Physiological prediction of muscle forces—II. Application to isokinetic exercise

Abstract
The successful application of a physiological model of the musculoskeletal system capable of accounting for nonequilibrium dynamic loading and predicting individual muscle forces in the knee is presented. The model incorporates rigid-body mechanics and musculoskeletal physiology. Unknown muscle and joint contact forces outnumber the equilibrium equations resulting in an indeterminant problem. Mathematical optimization is utilized to resolve the indeterminacy. The model is used to estimate individual muscle forces during isokinetic exercise.