T Helper1/T Helper2 Cells and Resistance/Susceptibility to Leishmania Infection: Is This Paradigm Still Relevant?
Open Access
- 1 January 2012
- journal article
- review article
- Published by Frontiers Media SA in Frontiers in Immunology
- Vol. 3, 80
- https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2012.00080
Abstract
Work in large part on Leishmania major in the 1980s identified two distinct apparently counter-regulatory CD4+ T cell populations, T helper (h)1 and Th2, that controlled resistance/susceptibility to infection respectively. However, the generation of IL-4−/− mice in the 1990s questioned the paramount role of this Th2 archetypal cytokine in the non-healing response to Leishmania infection. The more recent characterization of CD4+ T cell regulatory populations and further effector CD4+ T helper populations, Th17, Th9, and T follicular (f)h cells as well as the acknowledged plasticity in T helper cell function has further added to the complexity of host pathogen interactions. These interactions are complicated by the multiplicity of cells that respond to CD4+ T cell subset signatory cytokines, as well as the diversity of Leishmania species that are often subject to significantly different immune-regulatory controls. In this article we review current knowledge with regard to the role of CD4+ T cells and their products during Leishmania infection. In particular we update on our studies using conditional IL-4Rα gene-deficient mice that have allowed dissection of the cell interplay dictating the disease outcomes of the major Leishmania species infecting humans.Keywords
This publication has 135 references indexed in Scilit:
- Endogenous IL-13 Plays a Crucial Role in Liver Granuloma Maturation During Leishmania donovani Infection, Independent of IL-4Rα–Responsive Macrophages and NeutrophilsThe Journal of Infectious Diseases, 2011
- Interleukin‐9 as a T helper type 17 cytokineImmunology, 2010
- Murine model of chronic L. (Viannia) panamensis infection: Role of IL‐13 in diseaseEuropean Journal of Immunology, 2010
- Murine visceral leishmaniasis: IgM and polyclonal B‐cell activation lead to disease exacerbationEuropean Journal of Immunology, 2010
- Signal transducer and activator of transcription 1 in T cells plays an indispensable role in immunity to Leishmania major by mediating Th1 cell homing to the site of infectionThe FASEB Journal, 2009
- Cytokine-secreting follicular T cells shape the antibody repertoireNature Immunology, 2009
- Posttranscriptional Regulation of Il10 Gene Expression Allows Natural Killer Cells to Express Immunoregulatory FunctionImmunity, 2008
- New markers for murine memory B cells that define mutated and unmutated subsetsThe Journal of Experimental Medicine, 2007
- Splenic accumulation of IL-10 mRNA in T cells distinct from CD4+CD25+ (Foxp3) regulatory T cells in human visceral leishmaniasisThe Journal of Experimental Medicine, 2007
- Distinct roles for IL‐6 and IL‐12p40 in mediating protection against Leishmania donovani and the expansion of IL‐10+ CD4+ T cellsEuropean Journal of Immunology, 2006