Mimicking oxidative radical cyclizations of lignan biosynthesis using redox-neutral photocatalysis

Abstract

Oxidative cyclizations create many unique chemical structures that are characteristic of biologically active natural products. Many of these reactions are catalysed by 'non-canonical' or 'thwarted' iron oxygenases and appear to involve long-lived radicals. Mimicking these biosynthetic transformations with chemical equivalents has been a long-standing goal of synthetic chemists but the fleeting nature of radicals, particularly under oxidizing conditions, makes this challenging. Here we use redox-neutral photocatalysis to generate radicals that are likely to be involved in the biosynthesis of lignan natural products. We present the total syntheses of highly oxidized dibenzocyclooctadienes, which feature densely fused, polycyclic frameworks that originate from a common radical progenitor. We show that multiple factors control the fate of the proposed biosynthetic radicals, as they select between 5- or 11-membered ring cyclizations and a number of different terminating events. Our syntheses create new opportunities to explore the medicinal properties of these natural products, while shedding light on their biosynthetic origin. Many biosynthetic cyclizations are catalysed by iron oxygenases and appear to involve long-lived radical species. Now, mimicking these biosynthetic transformations, the total synthesis of highly oxidized lignan natural products has been reported using redox-neutral photocatalysis to enable late-stage radical cyclizations that install challenging 5- and 11-membered rings.