Mediation of the solar wind termination shock by non-thermal ions

Abstract

On 30 August 2007 Voyager 2 began to cross the termination shock, a boundary produced by the inter-action of the Sun with the rest of the Galaxy, where the supersonic solar wind abruptly slows as it presses outward against the surrounding interstellar matter. Five Letters in this issue present the data that the probe sent back. The Voyager 2 crossings occurred about 1.5 billion kilometres closer to the Sun than those of Voyager 1, illustrating the asymmetry of the heliosphere. The results from the plasma experiment, low-energy particle, cosmic ray, magnetic field and plasma-wave detectors reveal a complex and dynamic shock, reforming itself in hours rather than days. The cover graphic of Voayer 2 on the brink of entering interstellar space is by Henry Kline of JPL. It may be decades before another probe crosses the termination shock but remote observations can now bridge the gap — as shown by Wang et al. who report measurements of energetic neutral atoms in the heliosheath from the STEREO A and B spacecraft that complement the Voyager in situ observations made at the same time. In News & Views, J R Jokipii puts the Voyager findings into context. For more on the on Voyager odyssey, see page 24, and the Author page, and go to the movie on http://www.nature.com/nature/videoarchive/voyager . Data from the plasma and magnetic field instruments on Voyager 2 indicate that non-thermal ion distributions probably play key roles in mediating dynamical processes at the termination shock and in the heliosheath. Intensities of low-energy ions measured at Voyager 2 produce non-thermal partial ion pressures in the heliosheath that are comparable to (or exceed) both the thermal plasma pressures and the scalar magnetic field pressures. The acceleration of ions extracts a large fraction of bulk flow kinetic energy from the incident solar wind. Broad regions on both sides of the solar wind termination shock are populated by high intensities of non-thermal ions and electrons. The pre-shock particles in the solar wind have been measured by the spacecraft Voyager 1 (refs 1–5) and Voyager 2 (refs 3, 6). The post-shock particles in the heliosheath have also been measured by Voyager 1 (refs 3–5). It was not clear, however, what effect these particles might have on the physics of the shock transition until Voyager 2 crossed the shock on 31 August–1 September 2007 (refs 7–9). Unlike Voyager 1, Voyager 2 is making plasma measurements7. Data from the plasma7 and magnetic field8 instruments on Voyager 2 indicate that non-thermal ion distributions probably have key roles in mediating dynamical processes at the termination shock and in the heliosheath. Here we report that intensities of low-energy ions measured by Voyager 2 produce non-thermal partial ion pressures in the heliosheath that are comparable to (or exceed) both the thermal plasma pressures and the scalar magnetic field pressures. We conclude that these ions are the >0.028 MeV portion of the non-thermal ion distribution that determines the termination shock structure8 and the acceleration of which extracts a large fraction of bulk-flow kinetic energy from the incident solar wind7.